Mental retardation is a condition of poor development of the brain. Mental retardation mr is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a significant impairment of cognitive and development due to abnormalities in the structure or function of brain. Slow to master things like potty training, dressing, and feeding himself or herself. Pdf factors causing mental retardation researchgate. But, others may find it difficult to adapt to the surrounding environment. At times, the problem affects people when they suffer from brain injuries. Get the facts from webmd about its symptoms, causes. In other cases, chromosome abnormalities are at fault. The link between the identification of specific causes of mental retardation and the development and. There are many possible causes of mental retardation, but the most common are infections that develop in an unborn baby or soon after birth. The mechanisms of mental retardation with relative prevalence in a hospital referral experience are reported from the developmental evaluation clinic, childrens hospital, boston, ma. In the remaining 75%, predisposing factors, such as deficient prenatal or perinatal care, inadequate nutrition, poor social environment, and poor childrearing practices, contribute significantly to mental retardation. Risk factors for mental retardation were studied prospectively in 12 000 children born in northern finland in 1966 and followed to the age of 14 years. Inherited disorders, traumatic injuries, and nutritional deficiencies can sometimes lead to mental retardation as well.
Altogether 326 children had an iq less than 86, and the incidence of severe retardation iq less than 50 was especially high. Mental retardation is a condition wherein a person has certain limitation or difficulty in mental functioning and skills such as language skills, writing deaf boysand social skill. Intellectual disability now the preferred term for mental retardation is a disorder characterized by cognitive delays. Mental retardation is a developmental disability that first appears in children under the age of 18. It occurs, with varying degrees of frequency, in families from all walks of life in. Acquired causes of retardation include near drowning, traumatic brain injury and central nervous system malignancy. However, most children with mental retardation can learn to do many things. Mental retardation is also not a type of mental illness, like depression. These problems can happen while the baby is growing inside his or her mom, during the babys birth, or after the baby is born. These difficulties will cause the person to develop more slowly than the normal child. Nov 28, 2018 psychology definition of mental retardation causes.
Mental retardation is a condition marked by intellectual and developmental delays. Genetics and pathophysiology of mental retardation european. One of these is the division into primary or endogenous cases, which are presumably due to heredity. This information refers to the general prevalence and incidence of these diseases, not to how likely they are to be the actual cause of mental retardation. Mental retardation intellectual disabilities happen because the brain gets injured or a problem prevents the brain from developing normally. It could take longer for a child with intellectual disability to learn to speak, walk, dress, or eat without help, and they could have trouble learning in school. Classification of mental retardation mental retardation.
For many children, the cause of their intellectual disability is not known. Rather, it is a symptom associated with a large number of conditions that affect. Intellectual disability can be caused by a problem that starts any time before a child turns 18 years old even before birth. One of the first genetic cause is this condition called down syndrome. Mental retardation refers to substantial limitations in present functioning. Causes of mental retardation to five years of age she had developed an awkward stiff gait, she became socially withdrawn in personality, had frequent nightmares, speech was dysarthric, and she began to fall frequently and to have problems controlling her hands. This means a person functions at an intellectual or developmental level that is considered lower than normal. Intellectual disabilities lead to certain special needs, such as special education. Mental retardation can be caused by any condition which impairs development of the brain before birth, during birth or in the childhood years. Some learn only a little slower than the average people. Intellectual disability is a condition in which your brain doesnt develop properly or function within the normal range. Aug 14, 2019 intellectual disability is a condition in which your brain doesnt develop properly or function within the normal range. Mental retardation causes, diagnosis and treatment in. The types of mental retardation are basically the same with the levels of mental retardation.
Mar 27, 2011 causes and prevention of mental retardation posted by editor february 26, 2011 march 27, 2011 leave a comment on causes and prevention of mental retardation mental retardation is a condition wherein a person has certain limitation or difficulty in mental functioning and skills such as language skills, writing and social skill. Intellectual disability id, also known as general learning disability and mental retardation mr, is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. The disorder occurs before the age of 18 years, and is associated with numerous biological, environmental, and sociocultural causes. Mental retardation types, severity, causes, symptoms. A tough situation for most people to deal with, there is a constant research going on about its causes. The most common cause of mr in industrialized nations is fetal alcohol syndrome with an incidence rate of 1 in 100 births. Causes of mental retardation chromosomal disorder cause characteristics praderwilli syndrome syndrome disorder associated with mild retardation and learning disability pws is caused by the deletion of a portion of chromosome 15 may also occur if the person has a copy of chromosome 15 from the maternal side instead of each of the parent. Causes and incidence professional guide to diseases eighth edition.
Individuals with mental retardation learn at a slower pace, have low iqs, and may reach a. Some of the most common known causes of intellectual disability. The aamr classifies the causes or etiological factors based on. What are the signs of intellectual disability in children. Mental retardation syndromes causes of menial retardation the mechanisms of mental retardation with relative prevalence in a hospital referral experience are reported from the developmental evaluation clinic, childrens hospital, boston, ma. Approximately 30% of cases of mental retardation is still unknown, remaining 70% cases of mental retardation are as follows. Mental retardation and cii mental deficiency biswas, m. Mental retardation is not a single disorder, syndrome, or clinical entity. Older etiological causal classifications have proved to be too crude for presentday use. It occurs, with varying degrees of frequency, in families from all walks of life in both developed and underdeveloped countries. There are many different causes of mental retardation, both biological and environmental. Several hundred causes have been discovered, but in about onethird of the people affected, the cause remains unknown.
The second leading known cause of mr is down syndrome, or trisomy 21, with an. Surprisingly, this condition acts as both, a cause as well as an effect of mental retardation. Risk factors for cerebral palsy, mental retardation. In particular, the current definitions, causes of mental retardation, diagnostic criteria and epidemiological information will be presented. Out of the affected population, the learning skills and intellectual ability varies. There are many causes of mental retardation, but doctors determine a specific reason in only 25% of cases. Considering the genetic or environmental and congenital or acquired causes of mental retardation, current diagnostic investigation is able to detect the etiology. Suttie, in comprehensive clinical psychology, 1998. Down syndrome is basically a condition where a person has 47 chromosomes, as opposed to the 46 chromosomes that a person should normally have. The majority of people with mental retardation have mild retardation. Hundreds of biological and clinical causes of mental retardation exist. Most cases are due to environmental and psychosocial factors, such as lack of stimulation, inadequate nutrition, and exposure to toxins such as lead.
Intellectual disability id or mental retardation mr is a developmental disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. At one time mental retardation was associated with an iq level below 70 and cognitive dysfunction, but today it encompasses your physical and mental functioning. Mental retardation definition of mental retardation by. Sometimes referred to as intellectual disability, mental retardation has always been one of biggest causes of concern in terms of medical concerns. Get the facts from webmd about its symptoms, causes, and treatments. Mental retardation is defined by the american association on intellectual and developmental disabilities as a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills that originates before age 18 years. Significant subaverage is defined as anintelligence quotient iq of 70 or. Causes mental retardation may be due to a variety of causes. You may suspect mental retardation in a child if their motor skills, language skills, and selfhelp skills do not seem to be developing, or are developing at a far slower rate than the childs peers. Causes of mental retardation free download as pdf file. Mental retardation mental retardation is defined as, an individual with limitations in cognitive ability and adaptive behaviors that interfere with learning. A guide to the causes of mental retardation and strategies for prevention.
It is defined by an iq under 70, in addition to deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that affect everyday, general living. Mental retardation can affect 1% of the total population worldwide. Mental retardation refers to the lack of mental ability or the skills to perform the daytoday living. Prevalence of mental retardation andor developmental disabilities. Mental retardation 261 m ental retardation mr can result from a variety of causes. Mental retardation is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind, which is especially characterized by impairment of skills manifested during the developmental period, which contribute to the overall level of intelligence, i. Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration, for more information about the causes of mental retardation. However there are not any treatments or cures as of right now. Its onset occurs before 18 years of age 1, and its prevalence in the general population has been estimated at more than 1100 2.
May 24, 2006 mental retardation mr is defined as an overall intelligence quotient lower than 70, associated with functional deficit in adaptive behavior, such as dailyliving skills, social skills and. Rolling over, sitting up, crawling, or walking late. It starts before age 18 and is characterized by significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with related limitations in two or more of the following applicable adaptive skill areas. It is characterized by significantly sub average intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with related limitations in two or more of the following applicable adaptive skills areas. Retardation who 1992, to the american association for mental retardation guidelines mental retardation, definition classification and systems of support aamr 1992 both of which give details of standardized instruments which may be used to assess mental retardation and functional adaptation.
A number of factors including environmental factors. It can be caused by injury, disease, or a problem in the brain. Mental retardation is more common in males, with a maletofemale ratio of 1. It just takes them more time and effort than other children diagnosis making. Congenital syphilis has been known as a cause of mental handicap for many years. Development of an international classification scheme mental retardation is a universal phenomenon. A person with this condition often has difficulty learning and. This affects the childs development, behavior and his social relationships. Although with some children the cause of mental retardation is unknown, there are several known causes of this mental disability, which can occur before, during, or even after birth. Mental retardation an overview sciencedirect topics.
A mental disorder is an impairment of the mind causing disruption in normal thinking, feeling, mood, behavior, or interpersonal interactions, and accompanied by significant distress or dysfunction the causes of mental disorders are regarded as complex and varying depending on the particular disorder and the individual. The aamr 2002 definition reads mental retardation is a disability characterized by significant limitations, both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behaviour, as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills, the disability originating before the age of 18. Postnatal psychological causes of mental retardation ncbi nih. The problems affecting the brain can occur during their development in the womb or after birth. The number of untraced children was less than 2 per. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 853k, or click on a page image below to browse. A complete and accurate understanding of mental retardation. Postnatal psychological causes of mental retardation. Causes of mental retardation intellectual disability. Intellectual disability id, also called intellectual development disorder idd or general learning disability, and formerly known as mental retardation mr is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. Intellectual disability could cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than other children of the same age. Some causes of mental retardation in children include genetic disorders, environmental factors, trauma, and illness.
Mental retardation is a developmental disability characterized by subaverage intelligence and impairments in adaptive daily life skills. Of the 2098 causes of mental retardation that we have. The query is raised first by the family, in bewilderment, then. It is for this reason that the former description of the disorder is now obsolete and below average iq is not a characteristic of. Down syndrome occurs when there is an extra chromosome in the 21st pair of. Therefore, it indicates the lack of mental ability to adapt quickly to a situation or circumstances. In the past, medical professionals called this condition mental retardation. There are many symptoms and causes when it comes to a mental retardation. The american association on mental retardation gives the following definition. Mental retardation causes, diagnosis and treatment in india.
Aug 11, 2014 causes of mental retardation there are more than 250 identified causes of mental retardation. There are various known causes of mental retardation, including genetic disorders, maternal infections, psychosocial conditions, drug exposure, and environmental chemical exposure. There are various underlying causes of mental retardation and learning disabilities including specific genetic abnormalities and genetic syndromes, environmental causes, or multifactorial conditions when multiple factors, both genetic andor environmental, occur together and result in mental retardation. It is defined as an intellectual functioning level as measured by standard tests for intelligence quotient that is well below average and significant limitations in daily living skills adaptive functioning. Mental retardation generally appears before adulthood.
Rather, it is a symptom associated with a large number of conditions that affect the development and functioning of the organism. The association depicted in table 3 between nutrition status and mental retardation shows that there is a statistically significant p 0. Although more than 2000 causes for mental retardation mr have been. Trisomy 21, also known as down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation. Treatments for mental retardation generally fall into three main categories. The mental retardation can affect infants due to certain problems interfering normal brain development. In about 5% of cases, retardation is transmitted genetically, usually through chromosomal abnormalities, such as down syndrome or fragile x syndrome. Moderate the person can be trained but cannot learn academic subjects at school. Mental retardation share this page intellectual disability id, also called intellectual development disorder idd or general learning disability, and formerly known as mental retardation mr is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by. Mentally retarded children may take longer to speak, walk and take care of their personal needs like going to the bathroom and.
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